THE FALAISE GAP BATTLES: Normandy 1944

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The Past & Present Series reconstructs historical battles by using photography, juxtaposing modern views with those of the past. It shows how much infrastructure has remained and points to the passing nature of things such as outfits, uniforms, and ephemera. More than 100 color and black and white photos and maps (contemporary and modern) and illustrations provide extensive coverage of the area of invasion.

The denouement of the battle of Normandy, the fighting around Falaise and Chambois in August 1944 and the pursuit of the retreating German armies to the Seine provided the Allies with an immense victory. After 10 weeks of hard attrition fighting, the Allies had broken loose from the bocage and the Germans' deep defenses around Caen. By the end of September, they would be close to the German border.

As US First Army and British Second Army squeezed the western and northern edges of the German salient, so Third Army rushed headlong eastwards and then north to create the lower of two pincers-the other formed as the Canadian First Army and the Polish 1st Armored Division pushed south of Caen.

As could be expected, the Germans did not simply give up: they fought furiously to keep the pincers from closing. When they did, attacks from inside the pocket to break out and outside the pocket to break in led to fierce fighting between Chambois and Argentan. When the dust settled, between 80,000 and 100,000 troops had been trapped by the Allied encirclement. Estimates vary considerably, but it seems safe to say that at least 10,000 of the German forces were killed and around 50,000 became PoWs. The rest, however, escaped, but without most of their equipment, destroyed in the battle or abandoned in the retreat over the Seine. Those that did escape were subsequently to reform, rearm, and conduct an effective defense into late 1944.