ALAMO OF THE REVOLUTION: Benedict Arnold and the Massacre at Fort Griswold

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Before the British surrendered at Yorktown, Benedict Arnold led 1,800 British troops on a punitive expedition to destroy the American privateer base in New London. The result was a bloody assault by the British on Fort Griswold and the near massacre of its defenders.

In July of 1781, an American privateer sailing out of New London, Connecticut captured the British merchantman the Hanna, loaded with a bounty of luxury goods destined for British officers based in New York City. That action induced the British supreme leader of British forces in America to grant permission to the infamous traitor Benedict Arnold to lead an 1,800-man punitive amphibious expedition to destroy the American privateer base in New London. Being a native of the region, Arnold-a former American general-had intimate knowledge of the port and its defenses, including the most powerful fortification defending the harbor from Groton Heights Fort Griswold. So important was the fort that Arnold dedicated half of his expeditionary force to landing on the east side of the Thames River, for the sole purpose of capturing the fort and putting its heavy cannon out of commission.

But Arnold miscalculated the strength of the fort and its defenders. That misperception would have grievous consequences for the British attackers and their outnumbered American defenders. The defenders numbered around 161, made up of some 40 members of the regular garrison and some volunteers from the privateers' crews, including a member of the Pequot tribe. The bulk of the defenders were citizen volunteers from Groton and nearby towns. Virtually all males of local families, aged anywhere from 12 to 70, defended the fort. In the end, the attackers suffered close to 200 casualties. The patriots faced catastrophic losses amounting more than 80% with half the defenders slain outright