THE LAST SPANISH ARMADA: Britain and the War of the Quadruple Alliance 1718-1720

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Overshadowed by the better known Spanish Armada of 1588, three centuries ago, the final Spanish Armada set sail against England and Scotland. This little known invasion is often treated as part of the little known Jacobite campaign of 1719. However, this invasion and the subsequent campaign in Scotland were part of the virtually unknown War of the Quadruple Alliance. Includes 20 black and white illustrations and maps.

Studies war and diplomacy involving several of the European powers, with fighting on the high seas, in Scotland, Spain, Sardinia, and Sicily. It is a tale of a once great power taking advantage of apparently favorable international circumstances to regain parts of its lost empire. Success seemed possible, but the fortunes of war were fluctuating and luck only went so far. Eventually, the realities of military power reasserted themselves with bloody results.

The emphasis is on Britain's naval, diplomatic and military efforts, whilst not neglecting those of its allies and enemies, both abroad and at home. It draws on a variety of little or unused primary sources held at the National Archives and elsewhere and boasts a cast of interesting and unusual characters.