494 FORCES OF THE HANSEATIC LEAGUE: 13th-15th Centuries

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The Hanseatic League was a commercial and defensive federation of merchant guilds based in harbor towns along the North Sea and Baltic coasts of what are now Germany and her neighbors, which eventually dominated maritime trade in Northern Europe and spread its influence much further afield.

The League was formed to protect the economic and political interests of member cities throughout a vast and complex trading network. The League continued to operate well into the 17th century, but its golden age was between c.1200 and c.1500; thereafter it failed to take full advantage of the wave of maritime exploration to the west, south and east of Europe. During its 300 years of dominance the League's large ships - called 'cogs' - were at the forefront of maritime technology, were early users of cannon, and were manned by strong fighting crews to defend them from pirates in both open-sea and river warfare.

The home cities raised their own armies for mutual defense, and their riches both allowed them, and required them, to invest in fortifications and gunpowder weapons, since as very attractive targets they were subjected to sieges at various times.

Contents
* Introduction: origins and nature of the League
* Knights and militias, 13th-14th centuries
* Hanseatic shipping: the 'cog', its capabilities and influence; armed ships and piracy; river trade and river wars
* Fortified ports and siege warfare
* Introduction of cannon by land and sea
* The League in the late 15th century: the 'age of discoveries,' from peak of prosperity to decline